Thursday, August 21, 2008

Congestive cardiomyopathy

My Daddy passed away suddenly at the young age of 47. The cause of death was congestive cardiomyopathy.

We do not know exactly what was the cause of his condition. However, I recall that for 2 years in a row (1989 and 1990), my family spent Christmas in America and my father was caught in very heavy rain while we were in America and developed bronchitis. Perhaps infection set in and attacked his heart muscles. He ended up in hospital when we came back to Singapore on both occasions.

My father was prescribed medication to help his heart pump. What my mother, my brothers and I did not know (perhaps Daddy knew but did not want to worry us) was that a day may come when the medication would not take effect anymore and his heart would simply stop. If we had known, we would have encouraged him to place himself on a waiting list for a donor heart.

He did not die of a heart attack. His heart just stopped one day on 27 November 1992. I remember the day very clearly. I only had 1 lecture in University that day. Normally, I would stay on to study in the library. That morning, for unexplained reasons, I decided to come home after lecture. Not long after I came home, a telephone call came from the police, informing us that Daddy had collapsed at Terminal 2 of the Changi Airport (he was on the way to an overseas trip) and the clinic at Terminal 2 was unable to revive him. I screamed when we got the news and I collapsed in hysterics. I remember Mommy shouting at me to calm down. Just then, my younger brother came back from school. It was the last day of his GCE “O” level examinations. It just tore Mommy apart to break the news to my brother.

Do you know what added salt to the wound? After the funeral, the medical bill arrived from the clinic at Terminal 2, addressed to Daddy, asking for payment for their services rendered that fateful day.

It was very devastating for us when Daddy passed away. My brothers and I were young (my youngest brother was only in secondary 2) and my mother had been a housewife for about 16 years. However, the trauma that my family went through has further strengthened our bond and I thank the Lord that my family is close-knit.

Daddy, I know that you are in heaven with our Lord Jesus Christ. It was no coincidence that Mommy and I had very similar dreams on the 7th day of your death. I think of you often and I am happy that you have eternal life with our Heavenly Father. May His peace be with you always.


I have done some research on congestive cardiomyopathy and it is set out below. I wish that I knew then what I know now about this condition.
(Caveat: The following is not a substitute for medical advice. If you have been diagnosed with congestive cardiomyopathy or you suspect that you have this medical condition, please, please, please consult a heart specialist as soon as possible.)


WHAT IS CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY?

Cardiomyopathy is a disease in which the heart muscle becomes inflamed and does not work as well as it should. There may be multiple causes including viral infections. Cardiomyopathy can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary cardiomyopathy cannot be attributed to a specific cause, such as high blood pressure, heart valve disease, artery diseases or congenital heart defects. Secondary cardiomyopathy is due to specific causes and is often associated with diseases involving other organs as well as the heart.

Congestive cardiomyopathy is a disease whereby the walls of the heart chambers dilate to hold a greater volume of blood than normal and damages the muscle wall of the lower chambers of the heart. The heart cavity is enlarged and stretched. The heart is weak and does not pump normally. This is the final stage of many heart diseases and the most common condition resulting in congestive heart failure.

When the heart muscle is damaged by a disease process, it cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Uninjured areas of the walls of the two lower heart chambers (known as “ventricles”) stretch to make up for the lost pumping action. At first, the enlarged chambers allow more blood to be pumped with less force. The stretched muscle can also contract more forcefully. Over time, the heart muscle continues to stretch, ultimately becoming weaker. The heart tries to cope with the pumping limitation by further enlarging and stretching and beating faster. Eventually it cannot keep up and blood backs up into the veins, legs, and lungs. When this happens, the condition is called congestive heart failure.

Congestive cardiomyopathy usually affects both ventricles. Blood backed up into the lungs from the left ventricle causes fluid to congest the lung tissue. This is known as “pulmonary edema”. When the right ventricle fails to pump enough blood, blood backs up into the veins causing edema in the legs, feet, ankles and abdomen.

Congestive cardiomyopathy occurs most often in middle-aged people and more often in men than women. However, the disease has been diagnosed in people of all ages, including children.


WHAT CAUSES CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY?

Congestive cardiomyopathy may be caused by a number of conditions. About 80% of all cases of cardiomyopathy do not have a known cause. Many cases of congestive cardiomyopathy may be caused by a viral infection. Because cardiomyopathy may occur many years after a viral infection and viruses sometimes go undetected in laboratory tests, it is difficult to know if a virus is the cause. Some people have a weak heart from advanced coronary artery disease that causes heart muscle damage.

Conditions that can cause congestive cardiomyopathy are:-

(a) coronary artery - Coronary artery disease is one of the most common causes of congestive cardiomyopathy. In coronary artery disease, the arteries supplying blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked. When blood flow to an area of the heart is completely blocked, the person has a heart attack. The heart muscle suffers damage when its blood supply is reduced or blocked. Significant recurrent muscle damage can occur silently. This damage can lead to congestive cardiomyopathy.

(b) infections - Infections caused by bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms can involve the heart, causing inflammation of the heart muscle. The inflammation may damage the heart muscle and cause congestive cardiomyopathy.

(c) alcohol and other drugs or toxins - Prolonged drinking excessive amounts of alcohol can weaken the heart muscle, leading to congestive cardiomyopathy. Other drugs and toxins, such as cocaine, pesticides and other chemicals (such as cobalt, once used in beers), may have the same effect. Some drugs, used to treat a different medical condition (for example, doxorubicin and daunorubicin, both used to treat cancer), also can damage the heart and cause congestive cardiomyopathy.

(d) hypertension - High blood pressure puts extra pressure on blood vessels and the heart. This increased pressure makes the heart work harder to pump blood, which may thicken and damage the chamber walls.

(e) nutritional and metabolic disorders - Severe nutritional deficiencies can weaken the heart muscle and affect its pumping ability. Certain disorders of metabolism, including diabetes and thyroid disorders, can also lead to congestive cardiomyopathy.

(f) pregnancy - Occasionally, inflammation of the heart muscle and congestive cardiomyopathy may develop late in pregnancy or shortly after a woman gives birth. The cause of congestive cardiomyopathy in pregnancy is not known.


WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY?

Congestive cardiomyopathy usually is a chronic condition, developing gradually over time. Patients with early congestive cardiomyopathy may not have symptoms.

Congestive cardiomyopathy can be present for several years without causing significant symptoms. With time, however, the enlarged heart gradually weakens. This condition is commonly called "heart failure".

The most common symptoms are fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath on exertion or cough (the cough and congestion mimic and therefore can be misdiagnosed as pneumonia or acute bronchitis). Unfortunately, sudden cardiac death is not uncommon with this condition. It stems from irregular heart rhythms in the ventricles.

Congestive cardiomyopathy also produces abnormal weight gain.

Patients with more advanced congestive cardiomyopathy may also have chest or abdominal pains, extreme tiredness, dizziness and swelling of the legs and ankles (resulting from fluid accumulation that may also affect the lungs (congestion) and other parts of the body).

In advanced stages of the disease, some patients develop irregular heartbeats, which can be serious and even life threatening.


HOW DOES ONE DIAGNOSE CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY?

Diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy is based on:-

(a) symptoms - The diagnosis is based on the patient's symptoms, a complete physical examination and tests that detect abnormalities of the heart chambers. The heart specialist listens to the heart with a stethoscope to detect abnormal heart rhythms and heart sounds. A heart murmur might mean that the heart valves are not closing properly due to the ventricles being enlarged.

(b) medical history

(c) physical examination

(d) chest x ray - A chest x ray can show if the heart is enlarged and if there is fluid in the lungs. Abnormalities of heart valves and other structures may also be seen on a chest x ray.

(e) electrocardiogram (“ECG”) - An electrocardiogram provides a record of electrical changes in the heart muscle during the heartbeat. It gives information on the heart rhythm and can show if the heart chamber is enlarged. An ECG can detect damage to the heart muscle and the amount of damage.

(f) echocardiogram – An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce pictures of the heart. These images can show if the heart wall or chambers are enlarged and if there are any abnormalities of the heart valves. Echocardiography can also evaluate the pumping efficiency of the ventricles.

(g) cardiac catheterization - Cardiac catheterization usually is only used if a diagnosis cannot be made with other methods. In cardiac catheterization, a small tube (known as "catheter") is inserted into an artery and passed into the heart. It is used to measure pressure in the heart and the amount of blood pumped by the heart. A small tissue sample of the heart muscle can be removed through the catheter for examination under a microscope (biopsy). This biopsy can show the type and amount of damage to the heart muscle.


WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY?

Since congestive cardiomyopathy is difficult to diagnose early, it is rarely treated in its beginning stage.

When a patient is diagnosed with congestive cardiomyopathy, the doctor would try to find out the cause. If coronary artery disease is not the culprit, in most other cases a cause is not identified.

When a condition responsible for the congestive cardiomyopathy is diagnosed, treatment is aimed at correcting the underlying condition. The goal of treatment is to relieve any complicating factor, if known, control the symptoms, and stop the disease's progression.

Therapy begins with the elimination of obvious risk factors, such as alcohol consumption. Congestive cardiomyopathy caused by drinking excess alcohol or by drugs or toxins can be treated by eliminating the alcohol or toxin completely. In some cases, the heart may recover after the toxic substance is removed from the body.

In some cases of congestive cardiomyopathy, there is no cure. Medicines are given to reduce the workload of the heart and to relieve the symptoms.

Certain lifestyle changes may help reduce the workload on the heart and relieve symptoms. Some patients may need to change their diet, stop drinking alcohol, begin a physician-supervised exercise program, and/or stop smoking. Weight loss and dietary changes, especially salt restriction, may also be advised.

Patients with irregular heartbeats may be put on any of various drugs to control the rhythm.

Severe congestive cardiomyopathy usually causes heart failure. When the heart muscle is damaged so severely that medicines cannot help, a heart transplant may be the only remaining treatment to be considered. The patient's heart is replaced with a donor heart. Most heart transplant recipients are under age 60 and are good health other than their diseased heart.


WHAT IS THE PROGNOSIS?

As the heart enlarges, it steadily decreases its efficiency in pumping blood and the amount of blood it can pump. As a result, some patients cannot perform even simple physical activities. However, the disease also may remain fairly stable for years, especially with treatment and regular evaluation by a heart specialist.

The outlook for a patient with congestive cardiomyopathy depends on the severity of the disease and the person's health.

Unfortunately, by the time it is diagnosed, the disease often has reached an advanced stage and heart failure has occurred. Generally, congestive cardiomyopathy worsens over time and the prognosis is not good. About 50% of patients with congestive cardiomyopathy live for five years after the diagnosis. 25% of patients are alive 10 years after diagnosis. Women with congestive cardiomyopathy live twice as long as men with the disease. Many of the deaths are caused by sudden abnormal heart rhythms.

Typically, patients die from a continued decline in heart muscle strength, but some die suddenly of irregular heartbeats.

For patients with advanced disease, heart transplantation greatly improves survival: 75% of patients live 5 years after transplantation. However, the scarcity of donor hearts limits the number of transplantations. Those who qualify for heart transplantation often have to wait months, or even years, for a suitable donor heart. Some patients with congestive cardiomyopathy die awaiting a transplant but others improve enough from aggressive medical treatment to be taken off the waiting list.

Some critically ill cardiomyopathy patients with declining heart function use a small, implanted mechanical pump as a bridge to transplantation. These pumps (known as “left entricular assist devices” or “LVADs”) take over part or virtually all of the heart's blood pumping activity. The devices provided only temporary assistance and are not now used as substitutes for heart transplantation.


CAN THE CONDITION BE PREVENTED?

There is no sure way to prevent congestive cardiomyopathy. The best way to prevent it is to avoid known causes such as drinking excess alcohol or taking toxic drugs. Eating a nutritious diet and getting regular exercise to improve overall fitness also can help the heart to stay healthy.

Congestive cardiomyopathy may also be prevented by identifying and treating any conditions that might damage the heart muscle, including high blood pressure and coronary artery disease. Regular blood pressure checks and obtaining immediate medical care for hypertension and symptoms of coronary artery disease, such as chest pain, are important to keep the heart functioning properly.

Diagnosing and treating congestive cardiomyopathy before the heart becomes severely damaged may improve the outlook.


Sources
(1) Encyclopedia of Medicine
(2) American Heart Organisation
(3) Healthlink – Medical College of Wisconsin


Have you ever watched the movie "BEACHES" starring Bette Midler and Barbara Hershey? The character played by Barbara Hershey had congestive cardiomyopathy. Do get hold of the video if you have never watched the show. You will not have a dry eye at the end of the show. The famous song from the movie is "WIND BENEATH MY WINGS".

1 comment:

Verytiki said...

Lost of words what to say.....
Your dad is with god for sure so does my mum.

She is taken away from us by stroke due to high blood pressure due to her heart problem.

Still miss her very much till date. There's no single day that I've not been talking to her. I know she can hear me :)

Well written articles. How much time you have spent researching ?

I can only say.........WOW !!!!!

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